- Autonomy: the duty to maximize the individual’s right to make his or her own decisions.
- Beneficence: the duty to do good both individually and for all.
- Confidentiality: the duty to respect privacy of information and action.
- Equality: the duty to view all people as moral equals.
- Finality: the duty to take action that may override the demands of law, religion, and social customs.
- Justice: the duty to treat all fairly, distributing the risks and benefits equally.
- Nonmaleficence: the duty to cause no harm, both individually and for all.
- Understanding/Tolerance: the duty to understand and to accept other viewpoints if reason dictates doing so is warranted.
- Publicity: the duty to take actions based on ethical standards that must be known and recognized by all who are involved.
- Respect for persons: the duty to honor others, their rights, and their responsibilities. Showing respect others implies that we do not treat them as a mere means to our end.
- Universality: the duty to take actions that hold for everyone, regardless of time, place, or people involved.
- Veracity: the duty to tell the truth.
Beyond Contradiction
Gain Disguised as Loss
Beyond Contradiction 